Katherin J
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They Weren’t Freed—They Were Reclassified: How Freedmen Lost Their Land Through Paperwork
The article discusses the historical and ongoing dispossession of dark-skinned Indigenous nations in Oklahoma, primarily through the Dawes Rolls, which redefined racial categories and erased complex ancestries. It details how these mechanisms fragmented Indigenous identities, denied land rights, and continue to influence contemporary sovereignty struggles among the Freedmen, Washitaw, Muur, and Creole nations.
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The Ones Who Remembered: St. David’s Island and the Native American Slave Trade to the Caribbean
St. David’s Island is a bridge. Between the Northeastern tribes and the Caribbean. Between the past and the present. Between extinction and survival. And if they survived in Bermuda— If they held the memory for three hundred and fifty years— If they came back from the dead according to colonial records— Then ask yourself: How…
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The Guardianship That Never Ended: How Colonial Reclassification Trapped the Osage Nation
In 1920, the Osage Nation were among the wealthiest people per capita in the world. By 1925, they were being systematically murdered for their oil money while the federal government watched. This wasn’t a failure of the system—it was the system. And it’s still operating today. What happened to the Osage demonstrates the machinery of Colonial Reclassification…